Silent Hunter vs. Master of Camouflage
A study documents an exceptionally rare predation event involving a Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) preying on a chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) in the wild. Chameleons are not typical prey for large nocturnal raptors, and this observation provides new insights into the ecological interactions between avian predators and arboreal reptiles.
The Eurasian eagle-owl is a powerful nocturnal predator with a broad diet that includes mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. However, reports of predation on chameleons are virtually nonexistent. The researchers observed this interaction in Greece, where the chameleon was hunted and consumed by the eagle-owl. Given the chameleon's cryptic coloration and slow movement, predation by an eagle-owl suggests that the owl likely detected it through movement or thermal cues rather than visual identification alone.
The study emphasizes that Chamaeleo chamaeleon is highly adapted to camouflage in its environment, making predation by birds relatively rare. While diurnal raptors such as shrikes have been documented attacking chameleons, nocturnal predation by large owls adds a unique dimension to predator-prey interactions. The event highlights how even highly specialized camouflage can be ineffective against keen nocturnal hunters with advanced sensory adaptations.
The researchers also discuss the possible implications of this interaction for chameleon behavior and predator avoidance. Since eagle-owls hunt from elevated perches and rely on silent flight, chameleons may lack specific defense mechanisms against these large nocturnal predators. The study raises the possibility that chameleons may need to develop heightened nocturnal awareness in areas where eagle-owls are abundant.
Furthermore, this case contributes to the growing body of research on owl diet diversity. The Eurasian eagle-owl is known for its adaptability in prey selection, and the addition of Chamaeleo chamaeleon to its diet suggests that small arboreal reptiles may be occasional prey, particularly in Mediterranean ecosystems. While this observation remains anecdotal, it calls for further investigation into nocturnal predation on chameleons and similar species.
The study concludes by highlighting the rarity of such predation events and their ecological significance. Understanding how chameleons interact with nocturnal predators can refine conservation strategies, particularly in fragmented habitats where they may be more exposed to predation risks. The researchers suggest that future studies should explore how chameleons respond to nocturnal threats and whether their behavior changes in regions with high owl populations.
Original publication: Christopoulos, A., Cornacchia, L., Kotselis, C., Zevgolis, Y.G. 2025. An exceptionally rare predation on a chameleon species (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae) by a Eurasian eagle-owl (Aves: Strigidae). Diversity 17: 333. DOI: 10.3390/d17050333